Bootloader

Linux下通过USBTinyISP为Arduino开发板烧?写Bootloader

发布于 2011-10-20 18:37:23 浏览：4056 订阅该版

[tocm]

系统环境：Ubuntu10.10
板子型号：Arduino2009
烧录工具：USBTinyISP

Arduino是什么？一款很火的用来搭建电子积木的开发板，既然叫积木，所以入手很简单，更多介绍去搜索。

USBTinyISP是一个方便使用的高速的AVR编程器，是Arduino官方支持的一款固件烧录器（还有常用的如USBAsp烧录器）。

对于Linux和Mac系统，USBTinyISP是可以直接使用的，不需要安装驱动（Windows下是需要安装驱动的，链接参见后面，主要用于连接参考）

1. 通过USB转串口线将USBTinyISP连接到PC。（注意：USBTinyISP不是一个USB-Serial设备，它有自己的Avrdude支持的USB协议，所以当你插入到PC时将看不到一个COM端口或者ttyUSB串口建立。）

2. 注意检查跳线“PWR”应该短接，短接后就不需要再为后面的Arduino开发板单独供电了。
![FastAdmin](http://www.ucrobotics.com/media/kunena/attachments/63/normal_usbtinyisp_3.png)

3. 将USBTinyISP上那根6针的ISP连接线与Arduino开发板的6针ICSP相连（注意不要插反了！！）
![FastAdmin](http://www.ucrobotics.com/media/kunena/attachments/63/normal_usbtinyisp_5.png)

我是参照上图中插入的，但好像是反了，一直提示“avrdude: initialization failed, rc=-1”之类的错误，害得折腾半天也没找到原因，后来折腾过程中"插错"了一回竟然可以了，所以对于网络上的文档不可尽信才是（当然也并非是文档错了，而是要与USBTinyISP上一端的插法保持一致才行），反正遇到问题时都试一下就对了。

4. 关于Arduino开发板的Bootloader都在它的开发包里面，现在最新的好像是arduino-0022，所以需要先下载这个包。（对于 ubuntu也可以直接通过apt安装arduino软件包，版本好像是0018，但不知道是否包含了Bootloader文件，我没去找过）；还有一点需要注意的就是Arduino有很多版本，一定要清楚自己板子的型号然后找到正确的Bootloader文件。可以在 arduino-0022/hardware/arduino/boards.txt 里找到对应板子的型号，如Arduino2009的板子对应是boards.txt 中关于 Arduino Diecimila, Duemilanove, or Nano w/ ATmega168 的部分：
```##############################################################
diecimila.name=Arduino Diecimila, Duemilanove, or Nano w/ ATmega168
 
diecimila.upload.protocol=stk500
diecimila.upload.maximum_size=14336
diecimila.upload.speed=19200
 
diecimila.bootloader.low_fuses=0xff
diecimila.bootloader.high_fuses=0xdd
diecimila.bootloader.extended_fuses=0x00
diecimila.bootloader.path=atmega
diecimila.bootloader.file=ATmegaBOOT_168_diecimila.hex
diecimila.bootloader.unlock_bits=0x3F
diecimila.bootloader.lock_bits=0x0F
 
diecimila.build.mcu=atmega168
diecimila.build.f_cpu=16000000L
diecimila.build.core=arduino
##############################################################```
上面的那些参数在后面的烧写命令中都会用到，通过上面文件可以得知需要使用的Bootloader文件是ATmegaBOOT_168_diecimila.hex

5. 开始烧写操作：
详细的操作指令如下，大部分参数都已经在上面boards.txt所对应的段落里写明了，但需要注意一下“-c usbtiny”参数，因为这里使用的是USBTinyISP烧录器；而如果使用的是USBAsp烧录器，则需要改成“-c usbasp”了；对于其它的烧录器，可以在“-c”后面随便给串字符执行，然后会报错并给出所有支持设备列表的。（可以先不加最后的那个“-F”参数执行试试，如果不成功再加上，该参数理论是不需要的，但我这边必须得加）

就两条命令（注意需要ROOT权限执行），第一条先unlock 芯片并修改 fuse bit，fuse bit 的值：
```zwang@wzc-laptop:~/source/arduino-0022/hardware/arduino/bootloaders/atmega$ sudo avrdude -p m168 -c usbtiny -e -u -U lock:w:0x3f:m -U efuse:w:0x00:m -U hfuse:w:0xDD:m -U lfuse:w:0xFF:m -F
 
avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions
 
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.01s
 
avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e940b
avrdude: Expected signature for ATMEGA168 is 1E 94 06
avrdude: erasing chip
avrdude: reading input file "0x3f"
avrdude: writing lock (1 bytes):
 
Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s
 
avrdude: 1 bytes of lock written
avrdude: verifying lock memory against 0x3f:
avrdude: load data lock data from input file 0x3f:
avrdude: input file 0x3f contains 1 bytes
avrdude: reading on-chip lock data:
 
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s
 
avrdude: verifying ...
avrdude: 1 bytes of lock verified
avrdude: reading input file "0x00"
avrdude: writing efuse (1 bytes):
 
Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s
 
avrdude: 1 bytes of efuse written
avrdude: verifying efuse memory against 0x00:
avrdude: load data efuse data from input file 0x00:
avrdude: input file 0x00 contains 1 bytes
avrdude: reading on-chip efuse data:
 
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s
 
avrdude: verifying ...
avrdude: 1 bytes of efuse verified
avrdude: reading input file "0xDD"
avrdude: writing hfuse (1 bytes):
 
Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s
 
avrdude: 1 bytes of hfuse written
avrdude: verifying hfuse memory against 0xDD:
avrdude: load data hfuse data from input file 0xDD:
avrdude: input file 0xDD contains 1 bytes
avrdude: reading on-chip hfuse data:
 
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s
 
avrdude: verifying ...
avrdude: 1 bytes of hfuse verified
avrdude: reading input file "0xFF"
avrdude: writing lfuse (1 bytes):
 
Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s
 
avrdude: 1 bytes of lfuse written
avrdude: verifying lfuse memory against 0xFF:
avrdude: load data lfuse data from input file 0xFF:
avrdude: input file 0xFF contains 1 bytes
avrdude: reading on-chip lfuse data:
 
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s
 
avrdude: verifying ...
avrdude: 1 bytes of lfuse verified
 
avrdude done.  Thank you.```
第二条写入Bootloader文件并lock AVR：
```zwang@wzc-laptop:~/source/arduino-0022/hardware/arduino/bootloaders/atmega$ sudo avrdude -p m168 -c usbtiny -U flash:w:ATmegaBOOT_168_diecimila.hex -U lock:w:0x0f:m -F
 
avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions
 
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.01s
 
avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e940b
avrdude: Expected signature for ATMEGA168 is 1E 94 06
avrdude: NOTE: FLASH memory has been specified, an erase cycle will be performed
         To disable this feature, specify the -D option.
avrdude: erasing chip
avrdude: reading input file "ATmegaBOOT_168_diecimila.hex"
avrdude: input file ATmegaBOOT_168_diecimila.hex auto detected as Intel Hex
avrdude: writing flash (16294 bytes):
 
Writing | ################################################## | 100% 9.55s
 
avrdude: 16294 bytes of flash written
avrdude: verifying flash memory against ATmegaBOOT_168_diecimila.hex:
avrdude: load data flash data from input file ATmegaBOOT_168_diecimila.hex:
avrdude: input file ATmegaBOOT_168_diecimila.hex auto detected as Intel Hex
avrdude: input file ATmegaBOOT_168_diecimila.hex contains 16294 bytes
avrdude: reading on-chip flash data:
 
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 8.53s
 
avrdude: verifying ...
avrdude: 16294 bytes of flash verified
avrdude: reading input file "0x0f"
avrdude: writing lock (1 bytes):
 
Writing | ################################################## | 100% 0.02s
 
avrdude: 1 bytes of lock written
avrdude: verifying lock memory against 0x0f:
avrdude: load data lock data from input file 0x0f:
avrdude: input file 0x0f contains 1 bytes
avrdude: reading on-chip lock data:
 
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s
 
avrdude: verifying ...
avrdude: 1 bytes of lock verified
 
avrdude: safemode: Fuses OK
 
avrdude done.  Thank you.```

参考链接：
[1] Arduino bootloader：[url]http://www.atommann.com/learn/arduino/arduino-bootloader.html[/url]
[2] Arduino 官方支持下载线 USBtinyISP 使用手册：[url]http://blog.flamingoeda.com/2009/05/01/arduino-%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E4%B8%8B%E8%BD%BD%E7%BA%BF-usbtinyisp-%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/[/url]